1) Journal article – electronic
Beal, B (2005), ‘Skateboarding’, Berkshire encyclopaedia of world sport, Vol4., Full Text (online). Available at : http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=115&sid=03725f80-9409-4394-a26326593e1c3552%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=22912026 (Accessed: 22nd March 2011
Skateboarding
1960’s
- Skateboarding come from California
- A shortage of places (skateparks) where people were able to skate as a result they skated on sidewalks, school playgrounds, parking lots as their parks and because of this skaters started get in troubles with police
- The public was against it because of the damages and injuries
- In 1960’ s and yearly 1970’ s the government didn’t support this sport
1970’s
- Skateboarding comes beck, because of a new technological development- polyurethane wheels, skateboarding is now more safer
- Also the design of the skateboards changed, the boards were long and skinny
- Slalom style and freestyle skateboarding, very common handstand while riding on the board
- Started be popular when youth oriented produces (like soda) started sponsoring competitions
- Lack of private skate parks across USA
- Pool style skateboarding
- First two decades skateboarding was associated with suburban middle class
- More skate parks were build in late 1970’s and early 1980’s, because the government didn’t want to skaters to skate on roads and public places and because of it the skateboarding style changed and tied to the mainstream more, but some people still practise freestyle skateboarding (illegally in drain pools or at ramps located in private residences)
- It is embraced the punk rock movement as well
- 1980’s skateboarding is more part of ‘underground’ , because it’ s place in urban areas
1980’s
- street style®crucial innovation “Ollie”, which is a move that allows the skaters to jump with the board, an essential trick to jump on a variety of objects® skaters were able to trick in everyday life setting rather than in commercially produces skateboards parks.
- Skateboarding associated with legal problems, urban settings, punk rock and grunge music®which made it go far from the mainstream®this edgy connotation was used by commercial industry to market it to young people® selling “California Style” abroad
- The popularity grows in 1980’s and 1990’s but because of economic recession people were not able to afford it.
1990’s
- Skateboarding was part of X-games®brings it to the mainstream
- The idea of X-games was make “Olimpics” of alternative sports for young audience
- The first time, the official governing officers weren’t sure if they should make skateboarding an official sport, because the main idea was based in punk rock and grunge music, crime and drugs.
- Ramp skateboarding become a central feature of X- games
- Ramp, pool and street styles of skateboarding (street style is the most common)
2002
- Tony Hawk was voted as “Collest big-time athlete” ahead of more traditional sports like Michael Jordan
- Number of participants reaching approximately 12 million, 10% of women (Cara Beth Burnside, Jen O’ Brian)
- The main market are young people who are taken on the clothing and style of the sport more than the practise of skateboarding
- Nowadays more money are made from selling clothes than actual boards and equipment for it.
- Skateboarding become a symbol of the active, creative and independent life in late 1990’s
- Skateboarding was based as alternative sport to mainstream; in 1980’s and 1990’s it represented anti-authoritarianism.
post bu Petra
