Monday, 11 April 2011

Hipster - Meet the global scenester: He's hip. He's cool. He's everywhere


http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/woman/fashion-beauty/meet-the-global-scenesters-hip-cool-and-everywhere-13941921.html
Thursday, 14 August 2008 accessed on 30/3/2011

“Today's scenesters all wear the same clothes and accessories, listen to the same sounds, ride the same bicycles, and read the same magazines, e-mailouts and style blogs.”

“For a time it seemed it would be a simple matter of shifting from London to Tokyo. But instead, street style is everywhere and in places you'd never have guessed it would be."

“a succession of styles from the past half-century, patched together to form a single, strangely familiar whole. There's a bit of Eurotrash here, some British punk there, a swatch of Asian minimalism, and a sizeable off-cut of blue-collar chic from both sides of the Atlantic.”

“American Apparel is an archetype for the globalisation of "cool". The retail chain was founded in California in 1997 with an outsider ethic.”

“The further its global reach stretches, the more easily the company can study and copy street style, before repackaging it and selling it back to the originators of that style, with an American Apparel label attached.”

“Today's music scene is a global swapshop. One of the coming bands of this year, for instance, are Johannesburg's Blk Jks, whose style choices include the global scenester's familiar Elvis Costello "dork" glasses, 1970s ski vests, vintage Nikes and, yes, skinny jeans.”

“It's no coincidence that American Apparel's often controversial advertising campaigns imitate the Vice look, nor that Vice photographer Terry Richardson is the principal photographer for Uniqlo's in-house magazine,”

“Making fun of the global scenesters is futile, for they love nothing more than to mock themselves.”

“Everything a scenester does is rendered in air quotes: ironic moustaches, ironic trucker caps, faux-offensive Urban Outfitters T-shirts, white guys with afros, or musical acts with names like Does It Offend You, Yeah?”

“The internet has been a key factor in the globalisation of hip. Through mailouts and blogs, the tropes of eclectic style tribes the world over are quickly integrated into a single street style. The keffiyeh, once a signifier of solidarity with Palestine, now signifies nothing but cool. The fixed-wheel bike is now the global scenester's favourite ride. China's cheap Holga camera, once a well-kept secret among professional photographers hoping to achieve that lo-fi look, is now an essential urban accessory.”

"Trends aren't transmitted hierarchically, as they used to be," explains Martin Raymond, co-founder of The Future Laboratory, a trend forecasting company. "They're now transmitted laterally and collaboratively via the internet. You once had a series of gatekeepers in the adoption of a trend: the innovator, the early adopter, the late adopter, the early mainstream, the late mainstream, and finally the conservative. But now it goes straight from the innovator to the mainstream."

“Not even geopolitics is beyond the boundaries of cool for a global scenester: there's a vague pro-organic, anti-Bush sentiment uniting them all.”

“As this "borrowing and referencing" takes place not in capitals of cool like London but on an international scale, via the internet, the result is that same brand of individuality is sold, worn and celebrated the world over, simultaneously.”

This article talks about the hipster scene in London but describing the streets at the hub of the subculture in that city. Then the article goes on to talk about how companies sell hipsters own Ideas back to them and how though the internet a trend can cover the world in hours.

By Toby

Hipster: The Dead End of Western Civilization

Hipster: The Dead End of Western Civilization, Douglas Haddow , 29 Jul 2008  accessed 30/3/2011

“"So... this is a hipster party?" I ask the girl sitting next to me. She's wearing big dangling earrings, an American Apparel V-neck tee, non-prescription eyeglasses and an inappropriately warm wool coat.”

“"Yeah, just look around you, 99 percent of the people here are total hipsters!"
"Are you a hipster?"
"Fuck no," she says, laughing back the last of her glass before she hops off to the dance floor.”

“But after punk was plasticized and hip hop lost its impetus for social change, all of the formerly dominant streams of "counter-culture" have merged together. Now, one mutating, trans-Atlantic melting pot of styles, tastes and behavior has come to define the generally indefinable idea of the "Hipster."”

“A culture lost in the superficiality of its past and unable to create any new meaning.”

“"Hipster" – a youth subculture that mirrors the doomed shallowness of mainstream society.”

“Such things have become shameless clichés of a class of individuals that seek to escape their own wealth and privilege by immersing themselves in the aesthetic of the working class.”

“With nothing to defend, uphold or even embrace, the idea of "hipsterdom" is left wide open for attack.”

“It is this ironic lack of authenticity that has allowed hipsterdom to grow into a global phenomenon”

“It is rare, if not impossible, to find an individual who will proclaim themself a proud hipster.”

“Hipsters are sold what they think they invent and are spoon-fed their pre-packaged cultural livelihood.”

“Hipsterdom is the first "counterculture" to be born under the advertising industry's microscope, leaving it open to constant manipulation but also forcing its participants to continually shift their interests and affiliations.”

“Less a subculture, the hipster is a consumer group – using their capital to purchase empty authenticity and rebellion.”

“Hipsters cannot afford to maintain any cultural loyalties or affiliations for fear they will lose relevance.”

“The hipster represents the end of Western civilization – a culture so detached and disconnected that it has stopped giving birth to anything new.”

This Adbusters article has a very strong opinion about hipsters from the outset and follows the writer’s observations of a hipster night out. It seems a little loathing from a slanted perspective however he makes some valid points.


by Toby

So, Who Is a Hipster?

So What is Hipster By: Marsha Polovets                 
February 16, 2009 – 11:41 pm accessed on the 30/03/2011

“The girls have mean, boyish haircuts, and the guys show off carefully unshaven faces.”

“hipsters are “people who [are] associating themselves with places that have a cultural meaning.”

“But some would rather not identify as a hipster. “I feel like a hipster would never want to be called a hipster,” says Natalie Snoyman, who frequents “hipster bars” in her hometown of San Diego and believes that being a hipster is staying in tune with “what’s going on.””

“He explains that a hipster is someone who is “in with current trends.””

This article is about the author going around asking people you would perceive as hipster what a hipster was. Although the article is quite informative however it is hard to get decent quotes from without taking large chunks of text needed to make sense. By the end you do get a sense of hipsters view themselves.

By Toby

Hipster - The hipster in the mirror

The hipster in the mirror by Mark Greif for the New York Times Book Review; 11/14/2010, p27, 0p

“No one, it seemed, thought of himself as a hipster, and when someone called you a hipster, the term was an insult. Paradoxically, those who used the insult were themselves often said to resemble hipsters.”

“They wore the skinny jeans and big eyeglasses, gathered in tiny enclaves in big cities, and looked down on mainstream fashions and ''tourists.''

“''taste'' is the hipster's primary currency”

“Conflict’s for social dominance through culture are exactly what drive the dynamics within communities whose members are regarded as hipsters.”

“Once you take the Bourdieuian view, you can see how hipster neighborhoods are crossroads where young people from different origins, all crammed together, jockey for social gain. One hipster subgroup's strategy is to disparage others as ''liberal arts college grads with too much time on their hands''; the attack is leveled at the children of the upper middle class who move to cities after college with hopes of working in the ''creative professions.'' These hipsters are instantly declassed, reservoired in abject internships and ignored in the urban hierarchy -- but able to use college-taught skills of classification, collection and appreciation to generate a superior body of cultural ''cool.''”

“All hipsters play at being the inventors or first adopters of novelties: pride comes from knowing, and deciding, what's cool in advance of the rest of the world.”

“Yet the habits of hatred and accusation are endemic to hipsters because they feel the weakness of everyone's position -- including their own.”

This article by Mark Greif is a very researched look into the way people view hipsters and why hipsters exist. At the start it talks about how people react to being called hipsters and why hipsters themselves find this an insult. In the start he talks about how he calls together a debate on hipsters only to be greeted with impassioned emails which he describes as being more angry then if the talk hand been about “health care, young conservatives and feminism.” He then begins to take a long reference to the French sociologist Bourdieu and his work “Distinction” published in 1979. Greif then talks about how Bourdieu’s work into taste in the French people is directly connected to their social class, job, education and many more factors however the point is that there was a striking correlation between them. He then applies these findings to American terms and points how these people are from the same sort of middle class background. He then leads on to show how the taste is used to establish hierarchy in a social community where there is none and talks about how the different types of hipsters interact.

by Toby

Hipster - What was the hipster: a social investigation


What was the hipster: a social investigation, Alyx Vesey Bitch Magazine Feminist Response to Pop Culture Spring 2011 Issue 50 p63-63 2-3p

“Hipsters are contentious figures. No one wants to claim to be one, but lots of people make a sport of spotting them”

“New York senior editor Christian Lorentzen … claims they don’t exist.”

“Dayna Tortorici’s exploration of women’s proscribed gender roles within hipster culture. Argued that women are configured as accessories for their male counterparts.”

“Female hipsters are represented as sexually available, hard-partying fashion plates”

This article from Bitch Magazine is examining another article by Mark Greif pulling out articles that the writer herself finds relevant, as this is a feminist magazine the main focus is around the role of women in the hipster culture looking into claims that they are “accessories” however they also counter that argument with suggestions of feminist bloggers and cultural icons such as beth ditto and M.I.A. who are often associated with the subculture.

by Toby

Sunday, 10 April 2011

Rave Subculture - Video Footage



SexDrugzTechno (2007), 'RAVE Act and the War on Ecstacy', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bH9MNdEKIvA&feature=related> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)


This introduction to the documentary 'Generation E' is filmed in America, during the Rave scene in the late 1990's, early 2000's, and provides a clear visual documentation of items I have researched. It clearly shows the clothing style before mentioned in this post of the teddy bears, glow sticks, and general attire.


It also clarified the use (abuse) of solvents and how they go about using them, which is by wearing a face mask usually containing 'Vicks Vapor Rub', which emphasises and compliments the effects of MDMA.




BDDAVE (2007), '(Part 1) DUNE II Desert Rave Part 1997', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5TL1xCVns4&feature=player_embedded> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)



BDDAVE (2007), '(Part 2) DUNE II Desert Rave Part 1997', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axGRgIflRYk&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)



BDDAVE (2007), '(Part 3) DUNE II Desert Rave Part 1997', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fV-TGjPsD8w&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)



BDDAVE (2007), '(Part 4) DUNE II Desert Rave Part 1997', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58Dfl3UyXUc&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)

These compilations of video clips document the 1997 event 'DUNE II', which was a rave in the desert in Mecca, CA. According to the uploader, over 10,000 people attended the event. The party started at 6pm and the video shows the event up to around 8am the next morning. It shows the use of glowsticks in action, waving them around and dancing. It also shows exactly how ravers would use whistles, complimenting the beats of the music.



WarehouseDayZ (2010), 'DOCUMENTARY ON RAVE CULTURE 1991, Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_yG2L7KZAA&feature=player_embedded> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)


This clip from a documentary on rave subculture, explains about how the youth subculture is trying to stop the mainstream dominance over what is in the charts, music genres of pop and rock, rather than techno. It also shows a 'Mic Controller' (MC) making the crowd excited through the use of rhymes and lyrics which aren't originally part of the song but compliment the sound and rhythm.

The videos I have talked about show different forms of dancing which occur in raves, from 'Glow Sticking', 'Shuffle', 'Mosh' and sometimes 'Break Dancing'.

Examples of these dances can be seen below:

Glowsticking


GlowstickingDotCom (2007), 'Glowsticking.com Stringing: Furinax Overview 9/9/06', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHdytgDUcVQ&feature=player_embedded> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)

The Shuffle


fabul0uz5 (2009), 'Rave Shuffle', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkXSX7Kdhms&feature=player_embedded> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)

BreakDancing


gnsec (2007), 'New York Subway Break Dance (better quality)', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey8Ui63VgHs&feature=player_embedded> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)

Mosh


raid123hero (2011), 'Tiesto Plays 'One' by Sweedish House Mafia (Live at Sterosonic 2010 Brisbane)', Online video, Available at <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaYLI4X7VNg&feature=player_embedded> (Accessed; 10/04/2011)

Although metal heads/rockers and subcultures along those lines don't mix well with 'raver's due to their taste in music, their actions are very similar, especially with moshing. This video also shows the use of lasers and lighting that would be used in a typical rave venue.

Posted by Gary.

Saturday, 9 April 2011

Rave Subculture - Survey

I decided to create a short 9 question survey about the Rave Subculture. I used Facebook as the medium for the survey and set the time frame between April; Tuesday 5th, 7.00pm - April; Friday 8th, 7.00pm. I invited 166 people off my friends list, of which (unfortunately) only 32 took the time to answer the questions in the given time frame (which also reflects the mainstream culture's ignorance and laziness). 

Using what I had learnt so far (excluding the religious/ritual implications as I felt it was a sensitive matter) I created a wide range of questions reflecting the nature of raves and ravers, to gather the opinions and knowledge from the general public.

Screenshot of the Facebook event. Link to page here.

The questions I asked are as follows, ranging from multiple choice to a more direct personal opinion. I included a trick question for Q7 which showed me whether those who chose yes to Q1 knew the difference or if they are ill informed.

1. Would you classify yourself as part of the ‘rave subculture’? 
[a] Yes; 1980’s-1990’s Rave
[b] Yes; NuRave
[c] No

2. If no for question 1, what subculture would you classify yourself as? (If yes proceed to question 3) 
E.g. Emo, Goth, Chav, Hipster, Geek etc.

3. What is a ‘happening’?
[a] When the DJ drops a sick beat.
[b] A large outdoor event/party.
[c] Where a group of individuals start a fight.
[d] The sharing of drugs within a group.

4. Where are raves typically held? 
[select all that apply]
[a] Warehouses
[b] Clubs
[c] Outside/Outdoor Events
[d] Bedrooms
[e] Rooftops
[f] Roads and motorways
[g] The Sky

5. What are the stereotypical drugs that are most associated with ravers? 
[select all that apply]
[a] Marijuana/Weed
[b] Solvents
[c] LSD/Acid
[d] Heroin
[e] Opium
[f] Cocaine
[g] MDMA/Ecstasy
[h] Ketamine
[i] 2C-B
[j] Mushrooms
[k] Speed

6. What does P.L.U.R. stand for?
[a] Peace, Love, Unity, Respect
[b] Power, Lights, Underground, Rave
[c] Praise, Listen, Uproar, Repeat
[d] Pride, Liquor, Unconsciousness, Roar

7. What is the stereotypical 1980’s-1990’s rave dress code?
[a] Glow Sticks, Neon Clothing, Bright Colours, Tight Clothing, etc.
[b] Tracksuit Bottoms, Gold Chains, Sports shoes, Sports Caps, etc.
[c] Glow sticks, Baggy Clothes, Lollipops, Teddybears, Visors, White gloves, Whistles, etc.
[d] Black Clothing, Died Black Hair, Chains, White Face Make-up, Religious Symbols, etc.

8. Would you attend a rave given the chance/Have you attended a rave before?
[a] Yes; I have been to one
[b] Yes; I would attend one
[c] No

9. What does the word and/or action of a ‘rave’ mean to you?




After 7.00pm on Friday I collated the information gained from the survey.

1.
[a] 2
[b] 3
[c] 27


Most of the general public do not classify themselves as ravers, but those who do see themselves as NuRavers rather than 1980's/1990's ravers.
2.
[N/A (Mainstream)] 11
[Goth] 1
[Geek] 12
[Chav] 1
[Emo] 1
[Rocker] 1
[Dubhead] 1
[Skater] 1
[Metalhead] 1

Those who didn't answer yes to the previous question then classified themselves within a subculture, and just over two thirds claim to be a geek or no subculture at all (mainstream). some even classified themselves into two subcultures, such as Rocker and Emo together.

3.
[a] 3
[b] 28
[c]  -
[d] 1



Nearly all those who answered know what a 'happening' is, despite including trick questions which I felt would catch people out.

4.
[a] 21
[b] 21
[c] 15
[d] 5
[e] 6
[f] -
[g] 1



The places which most people believe raves to be held are in Warehouses and Clubs, which is correct, although from the research I have looked into, clubs would usually be a closed door event and hiding from the police. The person who answered 'The Sky' was most probably mocking the survey as I placed it in as a trick answer, however it could actually happen, possibly on an aircraft of some type.

5.
[a] 2
[b] 3
[c] 18
[d] 4
[e] 2
[f] 10
[g] 22
[h] 7
[i] 2
[j] 9
[k] 20



The drugs that the general public most associate 'Ravers' with are LSD/Acid, MDMA/Ecstacy and Speed. This to me is surprising, as the research I have done hasn't mentioned the use of speed in any form, except most people believe this to be one of their main drugs. The other drugs which the research has shown that ravers take are Marijuana/Weed, Ketamine and 2C-B, Weed and 2C-B being two of the least picked options, and Ketamine just under a third of which people chose.

6.
[a] 17
[b] 12
[c] 3
[d] -



With the addition of the trick answer [b] I was able to see exactly who knew what P.L.U.R. stood for and weren't just guessing, which showed that despite this the majority still knew it's meaning.
7.
[a] 28
[b] -
[c] 5
[d] -



This is the question which I added an extremely harsh trick answer, just to see if those who answered yes to question 1 knew what they are talking about. [a] is the answer for NuRavers, [c] is the one for the 1980's/1990's rave scene. I knew before I created this question that most people would answer [a] just simply because before I had researched into the rave subculture that is exactly what I too would have picked. This is due to cultural stereotypes of the NuRave scene, that have been forced upon us through comercial use and commodities fulled by the mainstream industry, which has picked up and made popular the NuRave subculture.
8.
[a] 6
[b] 18
[c] 10



Most who answered have not attended a 'rave' before, but the majority would want to go, and from the comments of those who answered the common theme is "Just to see what it is like".


9.
[Alcohol] 7

[Glowsticks] 2
[Music] 19
[Drugs] 8
[Dancing] 13
[Party] 6
[Colour] 5
[Spontaneous] 1
[Likeminded People] 2
[DJs (Disk Jockeys)] 2
[Outdoor] 2
[Lights/Neon] 10
[Sweat] 2
[Chaos] 8


Given an open ended question to see what they think a 'rave' is in their eyes, the expected and most prominent answers are that of lights, music and dancing, with drug use, alchohol and 'chaos' (of which people describes as letting yourself go and moving crazy) close behind.

This survey has provided a great insight into that of the public opinion and knowledge of the rave subculture. It has also shown me that some who classify themselves as ravers, actually don't know much about the subculture they claim to be, no knowledge of history or even events.

Of those 5 people who claimed they were ravers, 3 were well informed, they knew what they were talking about and had a good knowledge of the subculture. The other two were extremely misinformed, providing 'incorrect' answers, and not knowing what they are talking about. Of the two, one claimed they are a NuRaver and the other a 1980's-1990's raver.

However, because this survey was open to everyone, anyone could see the other comments, and this may have lead to conformity and ill-chosen decisions as they 'didn't know the correct answer' so they didn't want to look 'wrong' thus harming their reputation, but the answers seem to be quite varied, some answering completely different to others, so this might not be the case.

Another reason why this survey may not show the true knowledge and understanding of the general public is because I asked all of my 'friends' on Facebook and no one else which could be seen as biased. However, even though they are 'friends' on the networking site, I do not speak to them every day, and only a handfull of them I speak to regularly, so the fact that we are 'friends' may not matter as much as if i was in constant contact with each and every one of them.

However, even if it is biased, the answers still reflect what they believe, most of which is the stereotypical (albeit a common theme) of the rave subculture.

Posted by Gary.

Thursday, 7 April 2011

Rave Subculture - Journal Article (Hutson, S 1999)

Journal Article – Electronic
Hutson, S (1999), ‘Popular Music & Society’, Technoshamanism; Spiritual Healing in the Rave Subculture, Vol 23. p53-72, 'Quest/EBSCOhost Discovery Service' Available at : http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=115&sid=d4b17f7f-f290-488b-9c6f-51bfab271ff1%40sessionmgr114 (Accessed: 01/04/2011)

After reading about 'rituals' in the rave subculture I was intrigued and wanted to investigate into more depth.
Part 1 - Reiterating and expanding on already researched topics;
  • 'Techno' is an overall catch term for electronic music. The sub-genres of techno are; House, Trance, Jungle, Drum and Bass (D&B), Speed Garage, Trip Hop and Big Beat.
  • Raves are used as an escape from social order of work, rules and jobs.
  • Unlike rock concerts and gigs, there is no 'hero' (definition being a person you focus on, i.e the singer) as most ravers tend to dance in any direction, not necessarily facing the stage.
  • People from all ethnic background attend, but the main audience is primarily upper class,  white males.
  • MDMA as the choice drug (three articles supporting this so far, very likely it is true)
  • Raves are post-modern, ranging from the artwork which uses bricolage, and through the use of 'sampling' (also a form of bricolage) of music. Sampling is where a DJ takes parts of other songs, popular culture and news clips, with other clips and placed onto a beat to create a new meaning to the genre.

Part 2 - Teachnoshamanism & Rituals in the Rave Subculture

  • The thought that raves are 'spiritual' is believable, due to similarities of tribal religious tribes, who would use beats and music, inducing an ecstatic trance of worship to their god(s).
  • DJ's are often referred to as 'High Priests', and MDMA is referred to as 'The Holy Sacrament'. 
  • The DJ is referred to as this because like a shaman from early religion, he senses the time when the mod needs to be lifted up or brought down, a harmonic navigator so to speak. 
  • Some ravers claim that the DJ 'made them see god'.
  • Page 8
  • Some traditional churches have incorporated the rave subculture into their services, calling these services 'Planetary Mass'. 
  • Raves are seen as a much more direct form of spirituality to ravers than attending church services, some even quoting that;
Page 9

There is no perfect tempo, beat or sound to induce the 'trance', the music is used to maintain the trance.
  • Some ravers claim that after a rave, their minds are opened, they feel empowered, and inner peace is found within them. Their self esteem is also increased, and ravers often feel 'healed' after the night is over.
  • Mircea Eliade states that raves can be compared to a fetus in the womb;
Page 13

  • It has been proved that lighting can initiate a 'trance', as shown by Ken Keseys Acid Tests in 1965. 
Posted by Gary.

Wednesday, 6 April 2011

Rave Subculture - Website (Hyperreal)

Internet Web Site


Hyperreal (2004), Techno Music and Raves FAQ, Available at :http://hyperreal.org/~mike/pub/altraveFAQ.html (Accessed; 6/04/2011) 


This website provides a much deeper analysis and critique of the rave subculture of the early 1980's and expands on the previous article with more detailed points.
  • Raves are most commonly held in warehouses and fields, but are also held in clubs and 'exotic locations'
  • Most ravers tend not to drink alcoholic drinks, but this changes from rave to rave.
  • The term 'rave' is subjective, where some would call an event a rave, others would not, depending on whether they enjoyed it or if it didn't live up to their high expectations.
  • People who organise and set up raves are known as 'Promoters'. Most promoters use a frequent name to allow the public to familiarize with them and expand their reputation.
  • Promoters are responsible for sending out flyers, and pay the DJs to spin for them, and they are partially responsible for health and safety of the ravers, such as free water, enough fire exits etc.
  • Re-iteration of P.L.U.R, and ravers use the term 'vibe' to implies the mood, whether it be a good or 'strong' vibe, or a bad or 'weak' vibe.
  • The drugs which are most associated with ravers are:
    • Marijuana
    • MDMA/Ecstacy - Most popular drug choice.
    • LSD
    • Ketamine
    • 2C-B - Used in combination with MDMA to heighten effects.
  • Ravers take the drugs to heighten their senses, help them stay up all night dancing and because the effects of the drugs are sympathetic towards the beat of the music.

  • More evidence of some raves appearing 'spiritual' with this quote found on the website.
    •  "At a rave, the DJ is a shaman, a priest, a channeller of energy - they control the psychic voyages of the dancers through his choice in hard-to-find music and their skill in manipulating that music, sometimes working with just a set of beats and samples, into a tapestry of mindbending music. A large part of the concept of raves is built upon sensory overload - a barrage of audio and very often visual stimuli are brought together to elevate people into an altered state of physical or psychological existence."
      --Brian Behlendorf

Posted by Gary.